| Maternal Exposure / Maternal Diseases |
DIABETES
Uncontrolled diabetes in preguancy may cause
Uncontrolled diabetes in preguancy may cause
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Abortions.
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Still births.
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Macrosomia and traumatic delivery.
o Neonatal hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyper-viscosity, hyaline membrane disease, apnea. -
Preterm delivery.
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Congenital abnormalities including cardio vascular, central nervous system, genito-urinary, gastro intestinal and skeletal (sacral agenesis).
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Intrauterine growth retardation in diabetic vasculopathy.
CARDIAC DISEASE
Cardiac disease in the pregnant women may cause
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Fetal death.
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Preterm delivery.
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Fetal growth retardation.
Increased risk of fetal congenital cardio vascular anomalies if the mother has congenital heart disease (risk is 4.5%).
EPILEPSY
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Epilepsy doubles the risk of fetal anomalies and the risk of inheritance of epilepsy.
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If only one parent has evidence of epilepsy the risk in the child is 4% (above that of general population), and the risk increases if both parents or a sibling are epileptic.
PRE-ECLAMPSIA
May cause:
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Fetal growth retardation.
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Fetal hypoxaemia with abnormal fetal doppler wave forms.
CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES
Chronic renal failure in pregnant women may cause:
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Small for date.
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Preterm delivery.
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Still births and neonatal deaths.
THYROID DISEASES
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Hyperthyroidism may cause:
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Abortions.
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Fetal thyrotoxicosis, goiter associated with the presence of thyroid stimulating immuno globulins which cross the placenta in patients with Graves disease persistent fetal tachycardia may occur with growth retardation.
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Congenital anomalies, chromosomal defects.
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Hypothyroidism
Women with hypothyroidism have a greater risk of:-
Abortions.
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Still births.
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Prematurity.
Untreated hypothyroidism may cause intellectual impairment of the newborn. -
PHENYLKETONURIA
Women with phenylketonuria are at higher risk of spontaneous abortions, microcephaly and mental retardation.
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS (SLE)
Women with SLE have a greater risk of:
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Abortions.
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Prematurity.
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Intrauterine death.
Neonatal lupus erythematosus features neonatal discoid lupus and severe systemic disease:
Hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, skin lesions, congenital complete heart block; and in some cases neonatal death.
